ANCORABOLIDAE Sars, 1909
The family Ancorabolidae is one of the most peculiar and striking taxon within the harpacticoid copepods, esily identifiable by the characteristic morphology and the conspicuous body processes and integumental outgrowths (George, 2000; Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000).
The family containing 2 subfamilies, Laophontodinae and
Ancorabolinae (George, 1998).  Ancorabolinae are
only rarely found, and their distribution seems to be
restricted primarily to the northern hemisphere, with
exception of Echinocletodes, 2 species of which have
been reported by Dinet (1974) from deep-sea waters
off southwestern Africa.
Most representatives of the family, particularly those belonging to the subfamily Ancorabolinae, inhabit primarily muddy bottoms of deep sea, as well as the can be found in different kinds of littoral and sublittoral habitats, including phytal and sandy substrates, from both the northern and southern hemisphere (Milke, 1985, 1986; Fiers, 1988; George, 2000 ).
"Ancorabolidae were considered to be a paraphyletic group that requires extensive re-evaluation, additionally including at least the Cletodidae and Laophontidae T. Scott, 1905. Similarly when comparing Echinocletodes
with the two ancorabolid subfamilies, Ancorabolinae Sars, 1909 and Laophontodinae Lang, 1944, it was revealed that
many species are apparently distributed chaotically over several supraspecific taxa (at least Ancorabolidae and Cletodidae) instead of forming monophyla" (from: George & Muller 2015
SUBFAMILY LAOPHONTODINAE Lang, 1944
LAOPHONTODES T. Scott, 1894
Merope Thomson, 1882 ;
Meropia Wilson C.B., 1932 (synonyms)
The genus Laophontodes is characterized by 3 outer setae on the terminal exp segment of P2–
P4; presence of 2-segmented endopods in females; P1 endopodite
prehensile; bases of P2–P4 transversely elongated
Laophontodes antarcticus Brady. 1918 *
Laophontodes armatus Lang, 1936 [Bermuda, Falklands; marine] (= Paralaophontodes armatus (Lang, 1936)
Laophontodes bicornis T. Scott, 1894 [Europe, north Africa; marine] (=Bicorniphontodes bicornis (Scott A., 1896)
Laophontodes echinatus Lang, 1948
Laophontodes expansus Sars , 1908 (=Lobopleura expansa (Sars G.O., 1908)
Laophontodes gertraudae George, 2018 [UK ]
Laophontodes georgei Lee & Huys, 2019
Laophontodes gracilipes Lang, 1948 (=Rostrophontodes gracilipes (Lang, 1936)
Laophontodes hamatus (Thomson, 1882) (=Bicorniphontodes hamatus (Thomson G.M., 1883)
Laophontodes hegpethi Lang, 1965 [USA; marine] (=Paralaophontodes hedgpethi (Lang, 1965)
Laophontodes horstgeorgeae George & Gheerardyn, 2015 [Fiji Islands] (=
)
Laophontodes macclintocki Schizas & Shirley, 1994 [Antarctic Sea]
Laophontodes macropodia Gee & Flegeer, 2008 [Antartica] (=Calypsophontodes macropodia (Gee & Fleeger, 1986)
Laophontodes monsmaris George, 2018 [UK ]
Laophontodes mourois Arroyo, George, Benito & Maldonado, 2003 [Spain; marine]
Laophontodes norvegicus George, 2018 [UK ] (=Laophontodes georgei Lee & Huys, 2019)
Laophontodes ornatus Krishnaswamy, 1957 [India; marine] (=
)
Laophontodes propinquus Brady, 1910
Laophontodes psammophilus Soyer, 1975 [Kerguelen; mesopsammon] (=Paralaophontodes psammophilus (Soyer, 1975)
Laophontodes robustus Bozic, 1064 (?)
Laophontodes sabinageorgeae George & Gheerardyn, 2015 [Chile]
Laophontodes sarsi George, 2018 [UK ]
Laophontodes spongiosus Schizas & Shirley, 1994 [Antarctic Sea]
Laophontodes scottorum George, 2018 [UK]
Laophontodes typicus T. Scott, 1894 [north Europe; marine]
Laophontodes volkerlehmanskii George et al, 2020 [Indian Ocean]
Laophontodes withsoni T. Scott, 1912 [Europe; marine]
KEY TO SPECIES
* INCERTAE SEDIS
CALYPSOPHONTODES Gheerardyn & Lee, 2012
Calypsophontodes macropodia (Gee & Fleeger, 1986) [Antarctic Sea]
Calypsophontodes latissima (Brady, 1918)
PARALAOPHONTODES Lang, 1944
Paralaophontodes anjae George, 2017 [Chile]
Paralaophontodes armatus George, 2017 [Chile]
Paralaophontodes echinatus (Willey, 1930) [Bermuda, Falklands; marine] *
Paralaophontodes elegans Baldari & Cottarelli, 1986 [Philippines; marine interstitial]
Paralaophontodes exopoditus Mielke, 1981 [Galapagos; marine interstitial]
Paralaophontodes hedgpethi (Lang, 1965)
Paralaophontodes psammophilus (Soyer, 1975)
* syn. Laophontodes robustus Bozic, 1964; Paralaophontodes robustus sensu Bodin, 1967 KEY TO SPECIES
PATAGONIAELLA Pallares, 1968
Patagoniaella vervoorti Pallares, 1968 [Patagonia; marine]
TAPHLOLAOPHONTODES Soyer, 1975
Taphlolaophontodes laurenceae Bodiou & Colomines, 1988 [Kerguelen; mesopsammon]
Taphlolaophontodes remotus Cottarelli & Baldari, 1987 [Macquarie Island; marine interstitial]
Taphlolaophontodes rollandi Soyer, 1975 [Kerguelen; mesopsammon]
ALGENSIELLA Cottarelli & Baldari, 1987
Algensiella boitanii Cottarelli & Baldari, 1987 [Macquarie Island; marine interstitial]
Algensiella laurenceae (Bodiou & Colomines, 1988)
LOBOPLEURA Conroy-Dalton, 2004
Lobopleura ambiducti Conroy-Dalton, 2004 [Scotland; sandy beach]
Lobopleura expansa (Sars, 1908) [north Europe; marine]
Lobopleura multispinata (Kornev & Chertoprud, 2008)
PROBOSCIPHONTODES Fiers, 1988
"Probosciphontodes n. gen. is a unique genus in the family
Ancorabolidae because of the absence of endopodites in
the PTP4. Other ancorabolid genera such as Paralaophontodes
LANG, Tapholaophontodes SaYER and Algensiella
COTTARELLI & BALDARI are characterized by reduced endopodal
segments, but always have at least one endopodite
present.
Probosciphontodes n. gen. is also distinct from the other
ancorabolid genera by its strongly depressed body-shape
and the particularly long lateral extensions of the pleural
areas" (from Fiers, 1988)
Probosciphontodes ptenopostica Fiers, 1988 [Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee]
Probosciphontodes stellata Fiers, 1988 [Grande Comore]
DIMORPHIPODIA Lee & Huys, 2019
Dimorphipodia changi Lee & Huys, 2019 [Korea]
ROSTROPHONTODES Lee & Huys, 2019
Rostrophontodes gracilipes (Lang, 1936b) [Korea]
SUBFAMILY ANCORABOLINAE Sars, 1909
"The Ancorabolinae Sars, 1909 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Ancorabolidae Sars, 1909) includes five
genera, namely, Ancorabolus Norman, 1903, Arthropsyllus Sars, 1909, Breviconia Conroy-Dalton &
Huys, 2000, Juxtaramia Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000, and Uptionyx Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000
(George 2020). The genus Breviconia was established by Conroy-Dalton & Huys (2000) to accommodate
Arthropsyllus australis George, 1998, which was described by George (1998) from the Beagle Channel
(Magellan Region, Chile). Furthermore, Conroy-Dalton & Huys (2000) placed Laophontodes echinata
Brady, 1918, from the high Antarctic into Breviconia as a species inquirenda because Brady (1918)
provided only a fragmentary, imprecise description and the type material was lost, so neither reexamination
nor redescription of that species was possible (cf. Conroy-Dalton & Huys 2000: 373).
Consequently, Breviconia is characterized this far by the features present in B. australis, thus actually
resembling a monotypic genus" (from: Garlitska et al., 2022 .
Recently Conroy-Dalton & Huys (2000) recognized an "Ancorabolus-group" within the subfamily Ancorabolinae, including Ancorabolus, Arthropsyllus and three new genera : Breviconia, Juxtaramia and Uptionyx.
The common ancestry of the above genera "is supported by antennular segmentation, rostral morphology, cephalothoracic sensillar patterns, presence of lateral body processes, elongation of P1 endopod, segmentation of male P3 endopod and P5 armature in both sexes" (Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000; Gomez & Conroy-Dalton, 2002).
More recently Conroy-Dalton (2003) reviewed the systematics and phylogeny of the family Ancorabolidae, adding Dendropsyllus as new genus.
ANCORABOLUS Norman, 1903
Ancorabolus chironi Schulz & George, 2010 [Mediterranean; meiobenthos]
Ancorabolus confusus Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000 [Norway; marine deep mud] (Ancorabolus mirabilis Norman,
1903 sensu Sars (1909))
Ancorabolus hendrickxi Gomez & Conroy-Dalton, 2002
Ancorabolus ilvae George, 2001 [Magellan Straits] (sp. inquirenda)
Ancorabolus inermis Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000 [Norway; marine deep mud]
Ancorabolus mirabilis Norman, 1903 [north Europe; marine] Phylogenetic analysis of
Ancorabolus-group
ARTHROPSYLLUS Sars, 1909
Arthropsyllus australis K. H. George, 1998 [Chile; marine]
Arthropsyllus serratus Sars, 1909 [Europe; marine]
Arthropsyllus serratus var. spinifera Norman, 1911 [Scotland; marine]
TOUPHAPLEURA Conroy-Dalton, 2001
Touphapleura schminkei (George, 1998)
ANCORABOLINA George, 2006
Ancorabolina chimaera George, 2006
Ancorabolina belgicae Gheerardyn & George, 2010 [north-east Atlantic]
Ancorabolina galeata Gheerardyn & George, 2010 [north-east Atlantic]
Ancorabolina divasecunda Gheerardyn & George, 2010 [north-east Atlantic]
Ancorabolina anaximenesi Gheerardyn & George, 2010 [north-east Atlantic]
Ancorabolina cavernicola George & Tilotack, 2009 [Mediterranean; submarine cave] | KEY TO WORLD SPECIES OF ANCORABOLINA |
BREVICONIA Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000
Breviconia andrei Garlitska et al., 2022
Breviconia australis (George, 1998) [Chile; marine]
Breviconia echinata (Brady, 1918) [Antarctic Ocean]
JUXTARAMIA Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000
Juxtaramia polaris Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000 [Norway; marine]
UPTIONYX Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000
Uptionyx verenae Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000 [Northeastern Pacific]
ECHINOPSYLLUS Sars, 1909
Echinopsyllus normani Sars, 1909 [north Europe; marine]
Echinopsyllus brasiliensis Wondness et al. 2009 [Brazil; fresh waters]
Echinopsyllus nogueirae Wondness et al. 2009 [Brazil; fresh waters]
Echinopsyllus grohmannuae Wondness et al. 2009 [Brazil; fresh waters]
CERATONOTUS Sars, 1909
Ceratonotus antarcticus George & Schminke, 1988 [Chile] (=Dendropsyllus antarcticus (George & Schminke, 1998)
Ceratonotus coineaui Soyer, 1964 [France; marine]
Ceratonotus concavus Conroy-Dalton, 2003 [Mediterranean; marine] (=Tauroceratus concavus (Conroy-Dalton, 2003)
Ceratonotus elongatus Gomez & Diaz, 2017 [California]
Ceratonotus magellanicus George & Schminke, 1988 [Chile] (=Dendropsyllus magellanicus (George & Schminke, 1998)
Ceratonotus pectinatus Conroy-Dalton, 2003 [Norway; marine]
Ceratonotus thistlei Conroy-Dalton, 2003 [North Pacific Ocean]
Ceratonotus pectinatus Sars, 1909 [Norway; marine coastal waters]
Ceratonotus pectinatus Sars elaphus Por, 1965 [Europe; marine]
Ceratonotus steiningeri George, 2006 (=Tauroceratus steiningeri (George, 2006)
Ceratonotus tauroides George, 2006 (=Tauroceratus tauroides (George, 2006)
Ceratonotus thistlei Conroy-Dalton, 2003
Ceratonotus vareschii George, 2006 (=Tauroceratus vareschii (George, 2006)
ARTHURICORNUA Conroy-Dalton, 2001
Arthuricornua anendopodia Conroy-Dalton, 2001 [Northeastern Pacific]
ECHINOCLETODES Lang, 1936
Echinocletodes voightae George & Muller, 2013 [SE Atlantic]
Echinocletodes armatus Lang, 1948
DORSICERATUS Drzycimski, 1967
Dorsiceratus dinah George, 2009 [Northeastern
Atlantic]
Dorsiceratus octocornis Drzycimski, 1967 [Norway; marine]
Dorsiceratus triarticulatus Coull, 1973 [USA; marine]
Dorsiceratus wilhelminae George, 2009 [Northeastern
Atlantic]
Dorsiceratus ursulae George, 2006 [?; ?]
POLYASCOPHORUS George, 1998
"The genus Polyascophorus was established by George (1998) to
allocate new taxa collected from the Arctic (P. martinezi George,
1998) and the Antarctic (P. schminkei George, 1998), and totransfer
the former Ceratonotus gorbunovi (Smirnov, 1946) into this genus.
Subsequently, Conroy-Dalton (2001) erected the genus Touphapleura
Conroy-Dalton, 2001, transferring P. schminkei into this taxon
as Touphapleura schminkei (George, 1998)" (from:. George et al., 2012 )
Polyascophorus martinezi George, 1998 [Barents Sea]
Polyascophorus monoceratus George et al., 2012 [Brazil; campos basins] (syn. Pseudopolyascophorus monoceratus (George et al., 2013)
Polyascophorus schminkei George, 1998 [Barents Sea]
Polyascophorus gorbunovi (Smirnov, 1946) [Arctic Ocean]
DENDROPSYLLUS Conroy-Dalton, 2003
Dendropsyllus thomasi Conroy-Dalton, 2003 [North Pacific Ocean]
Dendropsyllus antarcticus (George & Schminke, 1998) [Weddell Sea, Antarctic]
Dendropsyllus kimi Lee & Huys, 2019 [Korea]
Dendropsyllus magellanicus (George & Schminke, 1998) [Chile; marine]
Dendropsyllus californiensis Gomez & Diaz, 2017 [California]
THIELIELLA Schriever, 1982
Thieliella endopodita Schriever, 1982
Thieliella nordatlantica Schriever, 1982
PSEUDECHINOPSYLLUS George, 2006
Pseudechinopsyllus sindemarkae George, 2006 [?; ?]
BICORNIPHONTODES George et al., 2019
Bicorniphontodes hamatus (Thomson G.M., 1883
Bicorniphontodes bicornis George et al.,, 2019 Egypt] comb. nov.
Bicorniphontodes clarae George et al., 2019 [Red Sea; Egypt]
Bicorniphontodes comptus Kim et al., 2021 [Korea]
Bicorniphontodes horsthgeorgei (George & Gheerardyn, 2015
Bicorniphontodes lacuna Kim et al., 2021 [Korea]
Bicorniphontodes huysi Kim et al., 2021 [Korea]
Bicorniphontodes ornatus (Krishnaswamy, 1957
REVISION OF THE FAMILY LAOPHONTIDAE KEY TO GENERA OF ANCORABOLINAE
RELEVANT LITERATURE
Arroyo N. L. , George K. H , Benito J. & M. Maldonado. 2003.
A new species of Ancorabolidae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from the
northern coast of Spain: Laophontodes mourois sp. n. Hydrobiologia 498: 169–176.
Conroy-Dalton S. & R. Huys. 2000. Systematics and phylogeny of the Ancorabolidae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida). I. The Ancorabolus-lineage, with the description of three new genera. Cah. Biol. Mar., 41: 343-397.
Conroy-Dalton S. 2003. Systematics and Phylogeny of the Ancorabolidae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida). III. Description of two new species of Ceratonotus Sars and Dendropsyllus, new genus. J. Crust. Biol., 23 (1): 69-93
George K.H. , 2020,
Restructuring the Ancorabolidae Sars (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) and
Cletodidae T. Scott, with a new phylogenetic hypothesis regarding
the relationships of the Laophontoidea T. Scott, Ancorabolidae and
Cletodidae. Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455–498
George K.H. 1998. A new species of Ancorabolidae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from the Belgian Channel (Chile). Hydrobiologia, 379: 23-32.
George K.H. 1998. Polyascophorus, a new genus of Ancorabolidae (Crustacea, Copepoda), including the description of two new species and the re-allocation of Ceratonotus gorbunovi. Vie et Milieu, 48 (3): 141-155.
George et al., 2013. A news species of Ancorabolidae (Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from the
Campos Basin,Brazil, including a phylogenetic review of the taxon
Polyascophorus George, 1998, and a key to its species. Zoologischer Anzeiger 252: 20–33
Gomez S. & S. Conroy-Dalton. 2002. Description of Ancorabolus hendrickxi sp.nov. (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Ancorabolidae) from the neotropics and notes on caudal ramus development within oligoarthran harpacticoids. Cah. Biol.Mar., 43: 111-129.
Lee & Huys, 2019.
New Ancorabolidae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from
Korea: two new genera, revisionary notes and updated
identification keys. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2019, XX, 1–47
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