PARASTENOCARIDIDAE Chappuis, 1940


The family Parastenocarididae Chappuis, 1940, formerly Parastenocaridae Chappuis, 1933, is still in a confused taxonomic state (Reid, 1994; Martinez Arbizu, 1997).

Jakobi (1972) suggested a new system for the family Parastenocarididae, splitting it into 26 new genera. This artificial system was strongly criticized by Schminke (1976) and numerous other authors (Cottarelli & Maiolini, 1980; Dumont, 1981; Dussart & Defaye, 1990; Rouch, 1986; Reid, 1994; Martinez Arbizu, 1997) but, at present, all the genera suggested by Jakobi (Biwaecaris, Brasilibathynellocaris, Brinckicaris, Clujensicaris, Enckellicaris, Entzicaris, Fontinalicaris, Forficatocaris, Italicocaris, Kinnecaris, Lacustricaris, Macacocaris, Michelicaris, Minutacaris, Murunducaris, Nanacaris, Nipponicaris, Oshimaensicaris, Pannonicaris. Paraforficatocaris, Pararemaneicaris, Parastenocaris, Phreaticaris, Potamocaris, Proserpinicaris, Remaneicaris, Simplicaris, Siolicaris, Stammericaris) should be considered valid (Corgosinho et al., 2008).

More recently Schminke (2010) listed all 258 valid species described until then in the family Parastenocarididae, provisionally accepting 27 genera as valid (most of those described by Jakobi, although mainly listing just their type species as valid members), and subdivided the family into two subfamilies: Parastenocaridinae Chappuis, 1940 and Fontinilicaridinae Schminke, 2010. Karanovic & Cooper (2011) in describing the new genus Dussartstenocaris from Australia do not accept the two proposed subfamilies, and we share this opinion.

The Parastenocarididae is almost exclusively freshwater in distribution. Together with Canthocamptidae Brady 1880, they represent the most successful group of benthic freshwater harpacticoids in terms of diversity and aboundance. The family is highly specialized for life in groundwater and is almost exclusive restricted to this habitat (Galassi and De Laurentiis, 2004).

At present, the family includes about 300 species and subspecies (Schminke, 2009; see ICZN 1999 article 13) and 35 nominal genera, with most species coming from ground waters of Europe.

Parastenocaris is the most prolific and widespread genus, the other genera including fewer species, limited to the neotropical region.

| Phylogenetic analysis of the Parastenocaridinae |


Asiacaris Cottarelli et al., 2010

Brinckicaris Jakobi, 1972

Colombocaris Gaviria et al., 2017

Cottarellicaris Schminke, 2013

Clujensicaris Jakobi, 1972

Dussartstenocaris Karanovic & Cooper, 2011

Eirinicaris Corgosinho et al., 2017

Enckellicaris Jakobi, 1972

Entzicaris Jakobi, 1972 (syn. Parastenocaris)

Fontinalicaris Jakobi, 1972

Himalayacaris Reddy et al., 2014

Indocaris Ranga Reddy et al., 2016

Italicocaris Jakobi, 1972

Macacocaris Jakobi, 1972

Michelicaris Jakobi, 1972

Minutacaris Jakobi, 1972

Nanacaris Jakobi, 1972 (syn. Parastenocaris)

Noodtcaris Gaviria et al., 2017

Oshimaensicaris Jakobi, 1972

Forficatocaris Jakobi, 1969

Paraforficatocaris Jakobi, 1972 (unaccepted name)

Potamocaris Dussart, 1979; emend. Reid, 1991

Stammericaris Jakobi, 1972

Murunducaris Reid, 1994

Parastenocaris Kessler, 1913

Simplicaris Galassi & De Laurentiis, 2004

Brasilibathynellocaris Jakobi, 1972

Horstkurtcaris Karanovic & Lee, 2012

Kinnecaris Jakobi, 1972

Iticocaris Corgosinho et al., 2012

Lacustricaris Jakobi, 1972 *

Monodicaris Schminke, 2009

Pararemaneicaris Jakobi, 1972

Proserpinicaris Jakobi, 1972

Remaneicaris Jakobi 1972

Santaremicaris Gorgosinho et al., 2021

Siolicaris Jakobi, 1972

* Type species excluded from the genus by Schminke (2010), thus, genus remain without type species and should be considered invalid.


Pararemaneicaris Jakobi, 1972 and Paraforficatocaris Jakobi, 1972 are new junior synonyms of Brasilibathynellocaris, as a result of transfer of their respective type species: Brasilibathynellocaris cuscatlanensis (Noodt, 1962) comb. nov., and Brasilibathynellocaris paranaensis (Jakobi, 1972) comb. nov. (Gorgosinho et al. , 2010)


BRINCKICARIS Jakobi, 1972

Brinckicaris brincki (Enckell, 1970)

  • Brinckicaris irenae (Enckell, 1970)
  • Brinckicaris lanceolata (Enckell, 1970)
  • Brinckicaris noodti (Enckell, 1970)


    INDOCARIS Ranga Reddy et al., 2017

  • Indocaris imbricata Ranga Reddy et al., 2017 [India; ground waters]
  • Indocaris inopinata Ranga Reddy et al., 2017 [India; ground waters]
  • Indocaris tirupatiensis (Ranga Reddy 2011a) comb. nov.


    ENCKELLICARIS Enckellicaris Jakobi, 1972

  • Enckellicaris feuerborni (Chappuis, 1931)
  • Enckellicaris singhalensis (Enckell, 1970) (syn. Parastenocaris singhalensis Enckell, 1970)


    OSHIMAENSICARIS Jakobi, 1972

  • Oshimaensicaris oshimaensis (Miura, 1962)



    EIRINICARIS Corgosinho et al., 2017

  • Eirinicaris antonioi Corgosinho et al., 2017 [Brazil]


    MACACOCARIS Jakobi, 1972

  • Macacocaris cornuta (Chappuis, 1955) (syn. Parastenocaris cornuta Chappuis, 1955; Kinnecaris cornuta (Chappuis, 1955)
  • Macacocaris gracilis (Chappuis, 1954) (syn. Parastenocaris gracilis Chappuis, 1954
  • Macacocaris macaco (Chappuis, 1952) (interim unpublished)
  • Macacocaris trisetosa (Chappuis, 1954) (syn. Parastenocaris trisetosa Chappuis, 1954


    SANTAREMICARIS Gorgosinho et al., 2021

  • Santaremicaris amazonensis Gorgosinho et al., 2021 [Amazon region]
  • Santaremicaris santaremensis Gorgosinho et al., 2021 [Brazil]



    ASIACARIS Cottarelli et al., 2010

  • Asiacaris dispar Cottarelli et al., 2010 [Thailand; interstitial]


    BRASILIBATHYNELLOCARIS Jakobi, 1972


  • Brasilibathynellocaris panamericana (Noodt, 1962)
  • Brasilibathynellocaris brasilibathynellae Jakobi & Silva, 1962 [Brazil; fresh waters,dug wells]
  • Brasilibathynellocaris cuscatlanensis (Noodt, 1962)
  • Brasilibathynellocaris paranaensis (Jakobi, 1972)
  • Santaremicaris santaremensis (Noodt, 1963) (Species do not fill morphological concept of the genus Brasilibathynellocaris Jakobi, 1972 (Corgosinho et al., 2010) )


    PARAREMANEICARIS Jakobi, 1972 (syn. Brasilibathynellocaris Jakobi, 1972)


  • Pararemaneicaris cuscatlaensis (Noodt, 1965) [central America, psammon] (= Brasilibathynellocaris cuscatlanensis (Noodt, 1962)
  • Pararemaneicaris membranacea (Noodt, 1965) (= Remaneicaris membranacea (Noodt, 1965)
  • Pararemaneicaris santaremensis (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic] (=Brasilibathynellocaris santaremensis (Noodt, 1963)


    PARASTENOCARIDINAE Chappuis, 1940

    MINUTACARIS Jakobi, 1972

  • Minutacaris austriaca (Kiefer, 1976)
  • Minutacaris elegans (Kiefer, 1933)
  • Minutacaris hippuris (Hertzog, 1938)
  • Minutacaris minuta (Chappuis, 1925)
  • Minutacaris vicesima (Klie, 1935) (syn. Parastenocaris vicesima vicesima Klie, 1935)


    MICHELICARIS Jakobi, 1972

  • Michelicaris micheli (Chappuis & Rouch, 1959)
  • Michelicaris starreti (Pennak, 1939) (syn. Parastenocaris starretti Pennak, 1939; Parastenocaris brevipes Kessler, 1913)
  • Michelicaris brevipes (Kessler, 1913) syn. Parastenocaris brevipes Kessler, 1913


    STAMMERICARIS Jakobi, 1972 (syn. Phreaticaris Jakobi, 1972)

    Type species.- Parastenocaris stammeri Chappuis, 1937

  • Stammericaris acherusia (Noodt, 1955) [Italy; springs]
  • Stammericaris amyclaea (Cottarelli,1969) [south Italy; ground waters]
  • Stammericaris destillans Bruno & Cottarelli in Bruno et al., 2017
  • Stammericaris diversitatis (Cottarelli, Bruno, Spena & Grasso, 2012)
  • Stammericaris lorenzae (Pesce, Galassi & Cottarelli, 1995) [Abruzzo, central Italy; rhithrostygal] *
  • Stammericaris orcina (Chappuis, 1938) [Italy; karst, hyporheic]
  • Stammericaris palmerae (Reid 1992) comb. nov. Cottarelli & Bruno 2021
  • Stammericaris pasquinii (Cottarelli, 1972) [Italy; hyporheic, wells,caves]
  • Stammericaris phreatica (Chappuis, 1936) [Europe; wells]
  • Stammericaris remotaepatriae Cottarelli & Bruno,2021 [Nearctic]
  • Stammericaris similior Bruno et al., 2023
  • Stammericaris stammeri stammeri (Chappuis, 1937)
  • Stammericaris stammeri gallicus (Chappuis & Rouch, 1959) (=Cottarellicaris gallicus? (Chappuis & Rouch, 1959)
  • Stammericaris trinacriae (Pesce, Galassi & Cottarelli, 1988) [Sicily, Italy; wells]
  • Stammericaris vincentimariae Bruno & Cottarelli, 2020 [cave waters; south Italy]


    COTTARELLICARIS Schminke, 2013

    Type species.- Parastenocaris etrusca Cottarelli, Bruno & Venanzetti, 1995.

  • Cottarellicaris andalusica (Enckell, 1965) [Spain; hyporheic]
  • Cottarellicaris aphroditis (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1997) [Dodecanese islands, Greece; hyporheic]
  • Cottarellicaris etrusca Cottarelli, Bruno & Venanzetti, 1995
  • Cottarellicaris gallicus (Chappuis & Rouch 1959) [France, caves]
  • Cottarellicaris hera (Cottarelli, 1969) [south Italy; rivers interstitial]
  • Cottarellicaris luciae (Cottarelli, Bruno & Berera, 2008) [Italy, Sicily; streams]
  • Cottarellicaris numidiensis (Rouch, 1987) [Africa, Algerie; ground waters]
  • Cottarellicaris oligoalina (Cottarelli, Bruno & Venanzetti, 1995) [Sardinia, Italy; rivermouth interstitial]
  • Cottarellicaris rivi (Cottarelli & Bruno,1994) [Sardinia, Italy; hyporheic]
  • Cottarellicaris sanctiangeli Bruno & Cottarelli, 2020 [cave waters, southItaly]
  • Cottarellicaris sibaritica (Berera & Cottarelli, 2003) [Italy; freshwater interstitial] [Italy; hyporheic] (=Bereraia sibaritica (Berera & Cottarelli, 2003))
  • Cottarellicaris stellae (Cottarelli, Saporito & Puccetti, 1981) [Italy; hyporheic]


    KINNECARIS Jakobi, 1972
    (syn. Cafferocaris Jakobi, 1972)

    Type species: Kinnecaris forficulata (Chappuis, 1952)

    Schminke (2008) redefined the genus Kinnecaris Jakobi, 1972 to include 17 species from Africa, Madagascar, Papua New Guinea, and Australia, basing his generic diagnosis chiefly on characters recognized as phylogenetically informative by Karanovic (2004, 2005), who suggested ten of those species to be relatively closely related.

    Ranga Reddy & Schminke (2009) added one more species from India. Only two of those 18 species were originally placed in the genus by Jakobi (1972), who designated Parastenocaris forficulata Chappuis, 1952 as the type species, and included additionally P. arenicola Chappuis, 1954 and P. marlieri Chappuis, 1955, although noting that "kann P. marlieri als möglicher Grundtyp eines neuen Genus sufgefasst warden".

    Schminke (2008) does not mention P. marlieri anywhere in his paper, but Schminke (2010) lists this species as incertae sedisin Parastenocaris. Schminke (2008), however, includes in the redefined genus Kinnecaris three species from the genus Cafferocaris Jakobi, 1972: C. caffer (Chappuis, 1935), C. muscicola (Chappuis, 1935), and C. variolata (Chappuis, 1952). Three other members of Cafferocaris were relegated as incertae sedis by Schminke (2008), and because C. caffer was designated as the type species of this genus by Jakobi (1972), Cafferocaris became a junior subjective synonym of Kinnecaris.

    Besides the above mentioned six species of Kinnecaris and Cafferocaris, Schminke (2008) included the following 11 species in the newly revised genus Kinnecaris: K. aethiopica (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1995), K. arenosa (Fryer, 1956) [Note: incorrectly spelled as arenosus both by Fryer (1956) and Schminke (2008)], K. cornuta (Chappuis, 1955) [Note: this species was placed in the genus Macacocaris Jakobi, 1972 by Jakobi (1972)], K. eberhardi (Karanovic, 2005), K. fluviatilis (Wells, 1964), K. giselae Schminke, 2008, K. impervia (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1995), K. lyncaea (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1994), K. madagascarensis (Chappuis, 1952), K. quollensis (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1995), K. sinoiaica (Wells, 1964), and K. solitaria (Karanovic, 2004). Finally, Ranga Reddy & Schminke (2009) added K. godavari Ranga Reddy & Schminke, 2009 to the list. (from karanovic & Kooper, 2011)


  • Kinnecaris aethiopica (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1995) [Ethiopia; lake interstitial]
  • Kinnecaris arenicola (Chappuis, 1954) [Madagascar; marine psammon]
  • Kinnecaris arenosus (Fryer, 1956) [Africa; Malawi lake]
  • Kinnecaris barrambie Karanovic & Cooper, 2011 [Australia; groundwaters]
  • Kinnecaris caffer (Chappuis, 1936) [Africa, Kenya; Tanganika lake]
  • Kinnecaris cornuta Chappuis, 1955 [Africa; Tanganika lake]
  • Kinnecaris draconis Bruno & Cottarelli, 2015 [Thailand; rivers]
  • Kinnecaris eberhardi (Karanovic, 2005) [Western Australia; ground waters]
  • Kinnecaris esbe Karanovic & Cooper, 2011 [Australia; groundwaters]
  • Kinnecaris forficulata (Chappuis, 1952)
  • Kinnecaris fluviatilis (Wells, 1964) [Africa, Rhodesia; hyporheic]
  • Kinnecaris giselae Schminke, 2008 [New Guinea, Papua; ground waters]
  • Kinnecaris godavari Reddy R. & Schminke, 2009 [India; ground waters]
  • Kinnecaris impervia (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1995) [Ethiopia; lake interstitial]
  • Kinnecaris iulianae Bruno & Cottarelli, 2015 [Thailand; rivers]
  • Kinnecaris lakewayi Karanovic & Cooper, 2011 [Australia; groundwaters]
  • Kinnecaris lined Karanovic & Cooper, 2011 [Australia; groundwaters]
  • Kinnecaris linel Karanovic & Cooper, 2011 [Australia; groundwaters]
  • Kinnecaris linesae Karanovic & Cooper, 2011 [Australia; groundwaters]
  • Kinnecaris lyncaea Cottarelli & Bruno, 1994 [Africa, Sierra Leone; streams] (species inquirenda according to Bruno & Cottarelli, 2015) *
  • Kinnecaris madagascarensis (Chappuis, 1952) [Madagascar; psammon]
  • Kinnecaris marlieri (Chappuis, 1955) (syn, Parastenocaris marlieri Chappuis, 1955) (=Parastenocaris marlieri Chappuis, 1955)
  • Kinnecaris muscicola Chappuis, 1955 [Africa, Kenya; mosses]
  • Kinnecaris quollensis (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1995) [Ethiopia; lake interstitial]
  • Kinnecaris sinoiaica (Wells, 1964) [Afria, Rhodesia; mosses?]
  • Kinnecaris solitaria (Karanovic, 2004) [W-Australia; ground waters]
  • Kinnecaris uranusi Karanovic & Cooper, 2011 [Australia; groundwaters]
  • Kinnecaris xanthi Bruno & Cottarelli, 2015 [Turkey; rivers]
  • Kinnecaris variolata (Chappuis, 1952) [Madagascar; psammon]


    SIMPLICARIS Galassi & De Laurentiis, 2004

  • Simplicaris lethaea Galassi & De Laurentiis, 2004 [Italy; springs]
  • Simplicaris veneris (Cottarelli & Maiolini, 1980) [central Italy; lakes, interstitial]


    PARAFORFICATOCARIS Jakobi, 1972 =Brasilibathynellocaris Jakobi, 1972)

  • Paraforficatocaris paranaensis Jakobi, 1972 [Brazil;fresh waters, hyporheic] (= Paraforficatocaris paranaensis Jakobi, 1972)


    REMANEICARIS Jakobi, 1972

    The genus Remaneicaris was proposed by Jakobi (1972) to accommodate the species included in the “remanei-group” (Noodt 1963) together with some other neotropical species described subsequently.

    The genus was revisited by Corgosinho & Martínez Arbizu (2005), who profoundly modified Jakobi’s concept in excluding some species from the genus, including some new and formerly known parastenocaridids, and by identifying some apomorphies which reveal its monophyletic status.

    Remaneicaris was considered valid by the former authors because it is based on a valid type species, viz. Remaneicaris remanei (Noodt, 1963), and therefore article 13 of ICZN (1999) applies (from: Corgosinho et al. 2007).

    "With 35 species, Remaneicaris is the most speciose Neotropical group of Parastenocarididae. The genus retains an unusual set of plesiomorphic characters, and can be divided into five monophyletic groups [R. argentina (Noodt, 1965), R. analuizae Corgosinho & Martínez Arbizu, 2005; R. tridactyla Corgosinho et al., 2007, R. cordobaensis (Noodt, 1965) and R. persephone (Noodt, 1965)] plus R. ignotus (Dussart, 1983) and R. meyerabichi (Noodt, 1962)" (from: Gorgosinho et al., 2017)


  • Remaneicaris analuizae Corgosinho & Martinez-Arbizu, 2005 [Brazil; fresh waters, rivers interstitial]
  • Remaneicaris argentina (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
  • Remaneicaris ciliata (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
  • Remaneicaris clandestina (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
  • Remaneicaris cordobaensis (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
  • Remaneicaris divae (Noodt, 1972) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
  • Remaneicaris drepanophora (Kiefer, 1967) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
  • Remaneicaris euniceae Corgosinho & Martinez-Arbizu, 2005 [Brazil; fresh waters, rivers interstitial]
  • Remaneicaris hecate (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
  • Remaneicaris hexacantha (Kiefer, 1936) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
  • Remaneicaris hurdi (Jakobi & Silva, 1962) [Brazil; fresh waters, wells] (=Parastenocaris hurdi Jakobi & Loyola e Silva, 1962)
  • Remaneicaris icoaraci (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
  • Remaneicaris ignotus (Dussart, 1983) [Argentina; brackish waters]
  • Remaneicaris itacambirucui Gorgosinho et al., 2010 [Brazil; interstitial]
  • Remaneicaris insolitus Gorgosinho et al., 2010 [Brazil; interstitial]
  • Remaneicaris itacambirucui Corgosinho et al., 2010
  • Remaneicaris itica (Noodt, 1961) (=Iticocaris itica (Noodt, 1962)
  • Remaneicaris ivoneae Gorgosinho et al., 2010 [Brazil; interstitial]
  • Remaneicaris jujuyensis (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
  • Remaneicaris juliae Corgosinho et al., 2007 [Brazil; rivers]
  • Remaneicaris membranacea (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
  • Remaneicaris meyerabichi (Noodt, 1962) [central America; psammon?]
  • Remaneicaris oncophora (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
  • Remaneicaris palaciosi (Noodt, 1962) [central America, psammon]
  • Remaneicaris paraensis (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic] (=Parastenocaris paraensis paraensis Noodt, 1963)
  • Remaneicaris paraguayensis (Noodt, 1963) [Paraguay; lakes] (=Parastenocaris paraguayensis paraguayensis Noodt, 1963)
  • Remaneicaris paratridactyla Corgosinho et al., 2007 [Brazil; rivers]
  • Remaneicaris persephone (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
  • Remaneicaris pluto (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
  • Remaneicaris psammae (Rouch, 1962) [south America; psammon]
  • Remaneicaris remanei (Noodt, 1963) [Paraguay; lakes]
  • Remaneicaris rhizophora (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
  • Remaneicaris sanctiludovici (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
  • Remaneicaris siankaan Corgosinho et al.,2017 [Mexico]
  • Remaneicaris sierrae (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
  • Remaneicaris tageae (Noodt, 1972) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
  • Remaneicaris tridactyla Corgosinho et al., 2007 [Brazil; rivers]



    ITICOCARIS Gorgosinho et al., 2012

  • Iticocaris itica (Noodt, 1962) [central America, psammon]


    MONODICARIS Schminke, 2009

  • Monodicaris cataractae (Cottarelli, 1982) [Africa, Sierra Leone; interstitial]
  • Monodicaris christiani (Dumont, 1981) [Africa, hyporheic]
  • Monodicaris larsi Schminke, 2009 [West Africa, ground waters]
  • Monodicaris monodi (Chappuis, 1959) [Afric, Niger; hyporheic]


    HORSTKURTCARIS Karanovic & Lee, 2012

    Type Species: Parastenocaris nolli Kiefer, 1938. Other species and subspecies: Parastenocaris delamarei Chappuis, 1958; Parastenocaris mangyans Bruno and Cottarelli, 1999; Parastenocaris nolli alpina Kiefer, 1960; Parastenocaris ursulae Schminke, 1971.

  • Horstkurtcaris delamarei (Chappuis, 1957) [north America, lakes interstitial]
  • Horstkurtcaris mangyans (Bruno & Cottarelli, 1999) [Philippines; interstitial]
  • Horstkurtcaris nolli nolli (Kiefer, 1938) [Germany; wells]
  • Horstkurtcaris nolli alpina (Kiefer, 1960) [Germany; wells]
  • Horstkurtcaris ursulae (Schimnke, 1971) [Canary islands; ground waters]


    DUSSARTSTENOCARIS Karanovic & Cooper, 2011

  • Dussartstenocaris bisetosa Ranga Reddy et al, 2018 [India] **
  • Dussartstenocaris idioxenos Karanovic & Cooper, 2011 [Australia; ground waters]


    HIMALAYACARIS Reddy et al., 2014

  • Himalayacaris alaknanda Reddy et al., 2014 [India; rivers]


    BRINCKICARIS Jakobi, 1972

  • Brinckicaris brincki (Enckell, 1970)
  • Brinckicaris irenae (Enckell, 1970)
  • Brinckicaris lanceolata (Enckell, 1970)
  • Brinckicaris noodti (Enckell, 1970)


    CLUJENSICARIS Jakobi, 1972

  • Clujensicaris clujensis (Chappuis, 1925)
  • Clujensicaris dianae (Chappuis, 1955) (syn. Parastenocaris dianae Chappuis, 1955)
  • Clujensicaris glareola (Hertzog, 1936) (syn. Parastenocaris glareola Hertzog, 1936)


    ITALICOCARIS Jakobi, 1972

  • Italicocaris italica (Chappuis, 1953)
  • Italicocaris kabyla (Chappuis, 1954) (syn. Parastenocaris kabyla Chappuis, 1954)
  • talicocaris kabyloides (Enckell, 1965) (syn. Parastenocaris kabyloides Enckell, 1965)
  • Italicocaris ruffoi (Chappuis, 1955) (= Parastenocaris ruffoi Chappuis, 1954


    Subfamily FONTINALICARIDINAE Schminke, 2010


    COLOMBOCARIS Gaviria et al., 2017

  • Colombocaris isabellae Gaviria et al., 2017 [South America]


    PROSERPINICARIS Jakobi, 1972 sensu Karanovic & Lee (2012)

    This genus is basically supported by a plesiomorphy and is considered paraphyletic. Therefore, we reject this genus as it is currently defined (Corgosinho in litt.; Corgosinho et al. 2012).

    SPECIES: Proserpinicaris admete (Cottarelli, Fasano, Mura and Saporito, 1980) ; Proserpinicaris amalasuntae (Bruno and Cottarelli, 1998); Proserpinicaris cantabrica (Chappuis, 1937) ;Proserpinicaris cruzi ; (Noodt and Galhano, 1969); Proserpinicaris corgosinhoi Rao Totakura et al., 2014; Proserpinicaris karanovici Rao Totakura et al., 2014; ; Parastenocaris fontinalis meridionalis Rouch, 1990 ; Parastenocaris gorganensis Kovalchuk and Kovalchuk, 1990 ; Parastenocaris hispanica Martínez Arbizu, 1997 ; Parastenocaris ima Cottarelli, 1989; Proserpinicaris imjin Karanovic, Cho and Lee, 2012 ; Parastenocaris kalypso Pesce, Galassi and Cottarelli, 1988 ; Parastenocaris mangini Rouch, 1992 ; Parastenocaris moravica ˇSterba, 1965 ; Parastenocaris nicolasi Rouch, 1996 ; Parastenocaris nipponensis Chappuis, 1955 ; Parastenocaris ondali Lee and Chang, 2009 ; Parastenocaris pannonica Török, 1935 ; Parastenocaris phyllura Kiefer, 1938 ; Proserpinicaris wangpi Karanovic, Cho and Lee, 2012 ; Proserpinicaris young Karanovic, Cho and Lee, 2012 . (after Karanovic & Lee, 2012) Brasilibathynellocaris Jakobi, 1972; Dussartstenocaris Karanovic & Cooper, 2011; Fontinalicaris Jakobi, 1972; Forficatocaris Jakobi, 1969; Iticocaris Corgosinho, Martínez Arbizu & Previatelli, 2012 Murunducaris Reid, 1994 Potamocaris Dussart, 1979 Proserpinicaris Jakobi, 1972 Siolicaris Jakobi, 1972 Nipponicaris Jakobi, 1972 accepted as Proserpinicaris Jakobi, 1972 Pannonicaris Jakobi, 1972 accepted as Proserpinicaris Jakobi, 1972 Paraforficatocaris Jakobi, 1972 accepted as Brasilibathynellocaris Jakobi, 1972 Pararemaneicaris Jakobi, 1972 accepted as Brasilibathynellocaris Jakobi, 1972

  • Proserpinicaris young Karanovic et a., 2011 [Korea]
  • Proserpinicaris imj in Karanovic et a., 2011 [Korea]
  • Proserpinicaris wangpi Karanovic et a., 2011 [Korea]
  • Proserpinicaris specincola Bruno & Cottarelli, 2020 [cave waters; south Italy]

    Key to the species of genus Proserpinicaris


    BRASILIBATHYNELLOCARIS Jakobi, 1972


  • Brasilibathynellocaris panamericana (Noodt, 1962)
  • Brasilibathynellocaris brasilibathynellae Jakobi & Silva, 1962 [Brazil; fresh waters,dug wells]
  • Brasilibathynellocaris cuscatlanensis (Noodt, 1962)
  • Brasilibathynellocaris paranaensis (Jakobi, 1972)


    MURUNDUCARIS Reid, 1994

  • Murunducaris juneae Reid, 1994 [Brazil; wet campos]
  • Murunducaris noodti Cogosinho et al. 2008 [Peru; interstitial]
  • Murunducaris loyolai Cogosinho et al. 2008 [Brazil; interstitial]
  • Murunducaris dactyloides (Kiefer, 1967) [Brazil: fresh waters, hyporheic]


    POTAMOCARIS Dussart, 1979; emend. Reid, 1991

  • Potamocaris bidens (Noodt, 1955) [Brazil; fresh waters, rivers interstitial]
  • Potamocaris bidentata (Dussart, 1981) [Argentina; hyporheic]
  • Potamocaris bifida Dussart, 1979 [Argentina; river interstitial]
  • Potamocaris cuiabaensis Reid, 1991 [Brazil; fresh waters, rivers interstitial]
  • Potamocaris estevesi Reid, 1991 [Brazil; fresh waters, rivers interstitial]
  • Potamocaris tridentata (Dussart,1981) [Argentina; hyporheic]


    FORFICATOCARIS Jakobi, 1979


  • Forficatocaris amazonensis (Noodt, 1953) [south America; interstitial]
  • Forficatocaris affinis Dussart, 1983 [south America; brackish, interstitial]
  • Forficatocaris amazonensis (Noodt, 1953) [Brazil; interstitial]
  • Forficatocaris claudii Noodt, 1972 [Brazil; continental fresh waters]
  • Forficatocaris evelinae Noodt, 1972 [Brazil; continental fresh waters ]
  • Forficatocaris fittkaui Jakobi, 1972 [Brazil; continental fresh waters]
  • Forficatocaris forficata forficata (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, interstitial]
  • Forficatocaris forficata crenensis Dussart, 1984 [south America; interstitial]
  • Forficatocaris guarani (Noodt, 1963) [south America; lakes, interstitial]
  • Forficatocaris jakobii Noodt, 1972 [Brazil; continental fresh waters ]
  • Forficatocaris lilianae Noodt, 1972 [Brazil, continental fresh waters ]
  • Forficatocaris noodti Jakobi, 1969 [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
  • Forficatocaris odeteae Moreira & Eskinazi Sant-Anna, 2019 [Brazil; hight-altitude ponds]
  • Forficatocaris schadeni Reid, 1982 [Brazil; fresh waters, wet campos]
  • Forficatocaris tetracantha (Noodt, 1963) [south America, hyporheic]


    WORLD KEY TO SPECIES OF FORFICATOCARIS IN: Reid J. W. 1982. Forficatocaris schadeni, a new copepod (Harpacticoida) from central Brazil, with keys to the species of the genus. J. Crust. Biol., 2 (4): 578-587.


    FONTINALICARIS Jakobi, 1972

  • Fontinalicaris fontinalis fontinalis (Schnitter & Chappuis, 1915)
  • Fontinalicaris fontinalis borea (Kiefer, 1960)
  • Fontinalicaris meridionalis (Rouch, 1990) (syn. Proserpinicaris meridionalis (Rouch, 1990)
  • Fontinalicaris phyllophora (Noodt, 1954) (syn. Italicocaris italica (Chappuis, 1953)


    SIOLICARIS Jakobi, 1972

  • Siolicaris digitata (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic] (syn. of Siolicaris jakobi according to Gorgosinho et al., 2012)
  • Siolicaris jakobi(Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
  • Siolicaris siolii (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
  • Siolicaris sandhya (Ranga Reddy, 2001)

    Parastenocaris chelifer Delachaux, 1924 and Parastenocaris xyrophora Noodt & Galhano, 1969 are considered species inquirendae of the genus Siolicaris, pending their detailed redescription (Gorgosinho et al., 2012)


    NOODTCARIS Gaviria et al., 2017

  • Noodtcaris columbiensis (Noodt, 1972)
  • Noodtcaris kubitzkii (Noodt, 1972)
  • Noodtcaris roettgeri (Noodt, 1972)
  • Noodtcaris tapajosensis (Noodt, 1963) [South America]




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