PARASTENOCARIDIDAE Chappuis, 1940
The family Parastenocarididae Chappuis, 1940, formerly Parastenocaridae Chappuis, 1933, is still in a confused taxonomic state (Reid, 1994; Martinez Arbizu, 1997). Jakobi (1972) suggested a new system for the family Parastenocarididae, splitting it into 26 new genera. This artificial system was strongly criticized by Schminke (1976) and numerous other authors (Cottarelli & Maiolini, 1980; Dumont, 1981; Dussart & Defaye, 1990; Rouch, 1986; Reid, 1994; Martinez Arbizu, 1997) but, at present, all the genera suggested by Jakobi (Biwaecaris, Brasilibathynellocaris, Brinckicaris, Clujensicaris, Enckellicaris, Entzicaris, Fontinalicaris, Forficatocaris, Italicocaris, Kinnecaris, Lacustricaris, Macacocaris, Michelicaris, Minutacaris, Murunducaris, Nanacaris, Nipponicaris, Oshimaensicaris, Pannonicaris. Paraforficatocaris, Pararemaneicaris, Parastenocaris, Phreaticaris, Potamocaris, Proserpinicaris, Remaneicaris, Simplicaris, Siolicaris, Stammericaris) should be considered valid (Corgosinho et al., 2008).
More recently
Schminke (2010)
listed all 258 valid species described until then in the family Parastenocarididae,
provisionally accepting 27 genera as valid (most of those described
by Jakobi, although mainly listing just their type species as valid members),
and subdivided the family into two subfamilies: Parastenocaridinae Chappuis, 1940 and Fontinilicaridinae Schminke, 2010. Karanovic & Cooper (2011) in describing the new genus Dussartstenocaris from Australia do not accept the two proposed subfamilies, and we share this opinion.
The Parastenocarididae is almost exclusively freshwater in distribution. Together with Canthocamptidae Brady 1880, they represent the most successful group of benthic freshwater harpacticoids in terms of diversity and aboundance. The family is highly
specialized for life in groundwater and is almost exclusive
restricted to this habitat (Galassi and De Laurentiis, 2004).
At present, the family includes about 300 species and subspecies (Schminke, 2009; see ICZN 1999 article 13) and 35 nominal genera, with most species coming from ground waters of Europe. Parastenocaris is the most prolific and widespread genus, the other genera including fewer species, limited to the neotropical region. | Phylogenetic
analysis of the Parastenocaridinae |
Asiacaris Cottarelli et al., 2010
Brinckicaris Jakobi, 1972
Colombocaris Gaviria et al., 2017
Cottarellicaris Schminke, 2013
Clujensicaris Jakobi, 1972
Dussartstenocaris
Karanovic & Cooper, 2011
Eirinicaris Corgosinho et al., 2017
Enckellicaris Jakobi, 1972
Entzicaris Jakobi, 1972 (syn. Parastenocaris)
Fontinalicaris Jakobi, 1972
Himalayacaris Reddy et al., 2014
Indocaris Ranga Reddy et al., 2016
Italicocaris Jakobi, 1972
Macacocaris Jakobi, 1972
Michelicaris Jakobi, 1972
Minutacaris Jakobi, 1972
Nanacaris Jakobi, 1972 (syn. Parastenocaris)
Noodtcaris Gaviria et al., 2017
Oshimaensicaris Jakobi, 1972
Forficatocaris Jakobi, 1969 Paraforficatocaris Jakobi, 1972 (unaccepted name)
Potamocaris Dussart, 1979; emend. Reid, 1991
Stammericaris Jakobi, 1972
Murunducaris Reid, 1994
Parastenocaris Kessler, 1913
Simplicaris Galassi & De Laurentiis, 2004
Brasilibathynellocaris Jakobi, 1972
Horstkurtcaris Karanovic & Lee, 2012
Kinnecaris Jakobi, 1972
Iticocaris Corgosinho et al., 2012
Lacustricaris Jakobi, 1972 *
Monodicaris Schminke, 2009
Pararemaneicaris Jakobi, 1972
Proserpinicaris Jakobi, 1972
Remaneicaris Jakobi 1972
Santaremicaris Gorgosinho et al., 2021
Siolicaris Jakobi, 1972
* Type species excluded from the genus by Schminke (2010), thus, genus remain without type species and should be considered invalid.
Pararemaneicaris Jakobi, 1972 and Paraforficatocaris Jakobi, 1972 are new junior synonyms of
Brasilibathynellocaris, as a result of transfer of their respective type species: Brasilibathynellocaris cuscatlanensis
(Noodt, 1962) comb. nov., and Brasilibathynellocaris paranaensis (Jakobi, 1972) comb. nov. (Gorgosinho et al. , 2010)
BRINCKICARIS Jakobi, 1972
Brinckicaris brincki (Enckell, 1970)
Brinckicaris irenae (Enckell, 1970)
Brinckicaris lanceolata (Enckell, 1970)
Brinckicaris noodti (Enckell, 1970)
INDOCARIS Ranga Reddy et al., 2017
Indocaris imbricata Ranga Reddy et al., 2017 [India; ground waters]
Indocaris inopinata Ranga Reddy et al., 2017 [India; ground waters]
Indocaris tirupatiensis (Ranga Reddy 2011a) comb. nov.
ENCKELLICARIS Enckellicaris Jakobi, 1972
Enckellicaris feuerborni (Chappuis, 1931)
Enckellicaris singhalensis (Enckell, 1970) (syn. Parastenocaris singhalensis Enckell, 1970)
OSHIMAENSICARIS Jakobi, 1972
Oshimaensicaris oshimaensis (Miura, 1962)
EIRINICARIS Corgosinho et al., 2017
Eirinicaris antonioi Corgosinho et al., 2017 [Brazil]
MACACOCARIS Jakobi, 1972
Macacocaris cornuta (Chappuis, 1955) (syn. Parastenocaris cornuta Chappuis, 1955; Kinnecaris cornuta (Chappuis, 1955)
Macacocaris gracilis (Chappuis, 1954) (syn. Parastenocaris gracilis Chappuis, 1954
Macacocaris macaco (Chappuis, 1952) (interim unpublished)
Macacocaris trisetosa (Chappuis, 1954) (syn. Parastenocaris trisetosa Chappuis, 1954
SANTAREMICARIS Gorgosinho et al., 2021
Santaremicaris amazonensis Gorgosinho et al., 2021 [Amazon region]
Santaremicaris santaremensis Gorgosinho et al., 2021 [Brazil]
ASIACARIS Cottarelli et al., 2010
Asiacaris dispar Cottarelli et al., 2010 [Thailand; interstitial]
BRASILIBATHYNELLOCARIS Jakobi, 1972
Brasilibathynellocaris panamericana (Noodt, 1962)
Brasilibathynellocaris brasilibathynellae Jakobi & Silva, 1962 [Brazil; fresh waters,dug wells]
Brasilibathynellocaris cuscatlanensis
(Noodt, 1962)
Brasilibathynellocaris paranaensis (Jakobi, 1972)
Santaremicaris santaremensis (Noodt, 1963) (Species do not fill morphological concept of the genus Brasilibathynellocaris Jakobi, 1972 (Corgosinho et al., 2010) )
PARAREMANEICARIS Jakobi, 1972 (syn. Brasilibathynellocaris Jakobi, 1972)
Pararemaneicaris cuscatlaensis (Noodt, 1965) [central America, psammon] (= Brasilibathynellocaris cuscatlanensis (Noodt, 1962)
Pararemaneicaris membranacea (Noodt, 1965) (= Remaneicaris membranacea (Noodt, 1965)
Pararemaneicaris santaremensis (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic] (=Brasilibathynellocaris santaremensis (Noodt, 1963)
PARASTENOCARIDINAE Chappuis, 1940
MINUTACARIS Jakobi, 1972
Minutacaris austriaca (Kiefer, 1976)
Minutacaris elegans (Kiefer, 1933)
Minutacaris hippuris (Hertzog, 1938)
Minutacaris minuta (Chappuis, 1925)
Minutacaris vicesima (Klie, 1935) (syn. Parastenocaris vicesima vicesima Klie, 1935)
MICHELICARIS Jakobi, 1972
Michelicaris micheli (Chappuis & Rouch, 1959)
Michelicaris starreti (Pennak, 1939) (syn. Parastenocaris starretti Pennak, 1939; Parastenocaris brevipes Kessler, 1913)
Michelicaris brevipes (Kessler, 1913) syn. Parastenocaris brevipes Kessler, 1913
STAMMERICARIS Jakobi, 1972 (syn. Phreaticaris Jakobi, 1972) Type species.- Parastenocaris stammeri Chappuis, 1937
Stammericaris acherusia (Noodt, 1955) [Italy; springs]
Stammericaris amyclaea (Cottarelli,1969) [south Italy; ground waters]
Stammericaris destillans Bruno & Cottarelli in Bruno et al., 2017
Stammericaris diversitatis (Cottarelli, Bruno, Spena & Grasso, 2012)
Stammericaris lorenzae (Pesce, Galassi & Cottarelli, 1995) [Abruzzo, central Italy; rhithrostygal] *
Stammericaris orcina (Chappuis, 1938) [Italy; karst, hyporheic] Stammericaris palmerae (Reid 1992) comb. nov. Cottarelli & Bruno 2021
Stammericaris pasquinii (Cottarelli, 1972) [Italy; hyporheic, wells,caves]
Stammericaris phreatica
(Chappuis, 1936) [Europe; wells]
Stammericaris remotaepatriae Cottarelli & Bruno,2021 [Nearctic]
Stammericaris similior Bruno et al., 2023
Stammericaris stammeri stammeri (Chappuis, 1937)
Stammericaris stammeri gallicus (Chappuis & Rouch, 1959) (=Cottarellicaris gallicus? (Chappuis & Rouch, 1959)
Stammericaris trinacriae (Pesce, Galassi & Cottarelli, 1988) [Sicily, Italy; wells]
Stammericaris vincentimariae Bruno & Cottarelli, 2020 [cave waters; south Italy]
COTTARELLICARIS Schminke, 2013 Type species.- Parastenocaris etrusca Cottarelli, Bruno & Venanzetti, 1995.
Cottarellicaris andalusica (Enckell, 1965) [Spain; hyporheic]
Cottarellicaris aphroditis (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1997) [Dodecanese islands, Greece; hyporheic]
Cottarellicaris etrusca Cottarelli, Bruno & Venanzetti, 1995
Cottarellicaris gallicus (Chappuis & Rouch 1959) [France, caves]
Cottarellicaris hera (Cottarelli, 1969) [south Italy; rivers interstitial]
Cottarellicaris luciae (Cottarelli, Bruno & Berera, 2008) [Italy, Sicily; streams]
Cottarellicaris numidiensis (Rouch, 1987) [Africa, Algerie; ground waters]
Cottarellicaris oligoalina (Cottarelli, Bruno & Venanzetti, 1995) [Sardinia, Italy; rivermouth interstitial]
Cottarellicaris rivi (Cottarelli & Bruno,1994) [Sardinia, Italy; hyporheic]
Cottarellicaris sanctiangeli Bruno & Cottarelli, 2020 [cave waters, southItaly]
Cottarellicaris sibaritica (Berera & Cottarelli, 2003) [Italy; freshwater interstitial] [Italy; hyporheic] (=Bereraia sibaritica (Berera & Cottarelli, 2003))
Cottarellicaris stellae
(Cottarelli, Saporito & Puccetti, 1981) [Italy; hyporheic]
KINNECARIS Jakobi, 1972 (syn. Cafferocaris Jakobi, 1972)Type species: Kinnecaris forficulata (Chappuis,
1952)
Schminke (2008) redefined the genus Kinnecaris Jakobi, 1972 to include 17 species from Africa, Madagascar, Papua New Guinea, and Australia, basing his generic diagnosis chiefly on characters recognized as phylogenetically informative by Karanovic (2004, 2005), who suggested ten of those species to be relatively closely related. Ranga Reddy & Schminke (2009) added one more species from India. Only two of those 18 species were originally placed in the genus by Jakobi (1972), who designated Parastenocaris forficulata Chappuis, 1952 as the type species, and included additionally P. arenicola Chappuis, 1954 and P. marlieri Chappuis, 1955, although noting that "kann P. marlieri als möglicher Grundtyp eines neuen Genus sufgefasst warden". Schminke (2008) does not mention P. marlieri anywhere in his paper, but Schminke (2010) lists this species as incertae sedisin Parastenocaris. Schminke (2008), however, includes in the redefined genus Kinnecaris three species from the genus Cafferocaris Jakobi, 1972: C. caffer (Chappuis, 1935), C. muscicola (Chappuis, 1935), and C. variolata (Chappuis, 1952). Three other members of Cafferocaris were relegated as incertae sedis by Schminke (2008), and because C. caffer was designated as the type species of this genus by Jakobi (1972), Cafferocaris became a junior subjective synonym of Kinnecaris. Besides the above mentioned six species of Kinnecaris and Cafferocaris, Schminke (2008) included the following 11 species in the newly revised genus Kinnecaris: K. aethiopica (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1995), K. arenosa (Fryer, 1956) [Note: incorrectly spelled as arenosus both by Fryer (1956) and Schminke (2008)], K. cornuta (Chappuis, 1955) [Note: this species was placed in the genus Macacocaris Jakobi, 1972 by Jakobi (1972)], K. eberhardi (Karanovic, 2005), K. fluviatilis (Wells, 1964), K. giselae Schminke, 2008, K. impervia (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1995), K. lyncaea (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1994), K. madagascarensis (Chappuis, 1952), K. quollensis (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1995), K. sinoiaica (Wells, 1964), and K. solitaria (Karanovic, 2004). Finally, Ranga Reddy & Schminke (2009) added K. godavari Ranga Reddy & Schminke, 2009 to the list.
(from karanovic & Kooper, 2011)
Kinnecaris aethiopica (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1995) [Ethiopia; lake interstitial]
Kinnecaris arenicola (Chappuis, 1954) [Madagascar; marine psammon]
Kinnecaris arenosus (Fryer, 1956) [Africa; Malawi lake]
Kinnecaris barrambie Karanovic & Cooper, 2011 [Australia; groundwaters]
Kinnecaris caffer (Chappuis, 1936) [Africa, Kenya; Tanganika lake]
Kinnecaris cornuta Chappuis, 1955 [Africa; Tanganika lake]
Kinnecaris draconis Bruno & Cottarelli, 2015 [Thailand; rivers]
Kinnecaris eberhardi (Karanovic, 2005) [Western Australia; ground waters]
Kinnecaris esbe Karanovic & Cooper, 2011 [Australia; groundwaters]
Kinnecaris forficulata (Chappuis, 1952)
Kinnecaris fluviatilis (Wells, 1964) [Africa, Rhodesia; hyporheic]
Kinnecaris giselae Schminke, 2008 [New Guinea, Papua; ground waters]
Kinnecaris godavari Reddy R. & Schminke, 2009 [India; ground waters]
Kinnecaris impervia (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1995) [Ethiopia; lake interstitial]
Kinnecaris iulianae Bruno & Cottarelli, 2015 [Thailand; rivers]
Kinnecaris lakewayi Karanovic & Cooper, 2011 [Australia; groundwaters]
Kinnecaris lined Karanovic & Cooper, 2011 [Australia; groundwaters]
Kinnecaris linel Karanovic & Cooper, 2011 [Australia; groundwaters]
Kinnecaris linesae Karanovic & Cooper, 2011 [Australia; groundwaters]
Kinnecaris lyncaea Cottarelli & Bruno, 1994 [Africa, Sierra Leone; streams] (species inquirenda according to Bruno & Cottarelli, 2015) *
Kinnecaris madagascarensis (Chappuis, 1952) [Madagascar; psammon]
Kinnecaris marlieri (Chappuis, 1955) (syn, Parastenocaris marlieri Chappuis, 1955) (=Parastenocaris marlieri Chappuis, 1955)
Kinnecaris muscicola Chappuis, 1955 [Africa, Kenya; mosses]
Kinnecaris quollensis (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1995) [Ethiopia; lake interstitial]
Kinnecaris sinoiaica (Wells, 1964) [Afria, Rhodesia; mosses?]
Kinnecaris solitaria (Karanovic, 2004) [W-Australia; ground waters]
Kinnecaris uranusi Karanovic & Cooper, 2011 [Australia; groundwaters]
Kinnecaris xanthi Bruno & Cottarelli, 2015 [Turkey; rivers]
Kinnecaris variolata (Chappuis, 1952) [Madagascar; psammon]
SIMPLICARIS Galassi & De Laurentiis, 2004
Simplicaris lethaea Galassi & De Laurentiis, 2004 [Italy; springs]
Simplicaris veneris (Cottarelli & Maiolini, 1980) [central Italy; lakes, interstitial]
PARAFORFICATOCARIS Jakobi, 1972 =Brasilibathynellocaris Jakobi, 1972)
Paraforficatocaris paranaensis Jakobi, 1972 [Brazil;fresh waters, hyporheic] (= Paraforficatocaris paranaensis Jakobi, 1972)
REMANEICARIS Jakobi, 1972
The genus Remaneicaris was proposed by Jakobi (1972) to accommodate the species included in the
“remanei-group” (Noodt 1963) together with some other neotropical species described subsequently. The
genus was revisited by Corgosinho & Martínez Arbizu (2005), who profoundly modified Jakobi’s concept in
excluding some species from the genus, including some new and formerly known parastenocaridids, and by
identifying some apomorphies which reveal its monophyletic status. Remaneicaris was considered valid by
the former authors because it is based on a valid type species, viz. Remaneicaris remanei (Noodt, 1963), and
therefore article 13 of ICZN (1999) applies (from: Corgosinho et al. 2007).
"With 35 species, Remaneicaris is the most speciose Neotropical group of Parastenocarididae. The genus
retains an unusual set of plesiomorphic characters, and can be divided into five monophyletic groups [R. argentina
(Noodt, 1965), R. analuizae Corgosinho & Martínez Arbizu, 2005; R. tridactyla Corgosinho et al., 2007, R.
cordobaensis (Noodt, 1965) and R. persephone (Noodt, 1965)] plus R. ignotus (Dussart, 1983) and R. meyerabichi
(Noodt, 1962)" (from: Gorgosinho et al., 2017)
Remaneicaris analuizae Corgosinho & Martinez-Arbizu, 2005 [Brazil; fresh waters, rivers interstitial]
Remaneicaris argentina (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris ciliata (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris clandestina (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Remaneicaris cordobaensis (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris divae (Noodt, 1972) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Remaneicaris drepanophora (Kiefer, 1967) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Remaneicaris euniceae Corgosinho & Martinez-Arbizu, 2005 [Brazil; fresh waters, rivers interstitial]
Remaneicaris hecate (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris hexacantha (Kiefer, 1936) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Remaneicaris hurdi (Jakobi & Silva, 1962) [Brazil; fresh waters, wells] (=Parastenocaris hurdi Jakobi & Loyola e Silva, 1962)
Remaneicaris icoaraci (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Remaneicaris ignotus (Dussart, 1983) [Argentina; brackish waters]
Remaneicaris itacambirucui Gorgosinho et al., 2010 [Brazil; interstitial]
Remaneicaris insolitus Gorgosinho et al., 2010 [Brazil; interstitial]
Remaneicaris itacambirucui Corgosinho et al., 2010
Remaneicaris itica (Noodt, 1961) (=Iticocaris itica (Noodt, 1962)
Remaneicaris ivoneae Gorgosinho et al., 2010 [Brazil; interstitial]
Remaneicaris jujuyensis (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris juliae Corgosinho et al., 2007 [Brazil; rivers]
Remaneicaris membranacea (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris meyerabichi (Noodt, 1962) [central America; psammon?]
Remaneicaris oncophora (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris palaciosi (Noodt, 1962) [central America, psammon]
Remaneicaris paraensis (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic] (=Parastenocaris paraensis paraensis Noodt, 1963)
Remaneicaris paraguayensis (Noodt, 1963) [Paraguay; lakes] (=Parastenocaris paraguayensis paraguayensis Noodt, 1963)
Remaneicaris paratridactyla Corgosinho et al., 2007 [Brazil; rivers]
Remaneicaris persephone (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris pluto (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris psammae (Rouch, 1962) [south America; psammon]
Remaneicaris remanei (Noodt, 1963) [Paraguay; lakes]
Remaneicaris rhizophora (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris sanctiludovici (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris siankaan Corgosinho et al.,2017 [Mexico]
Remaneicaris sierrae (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris tageae (Noodt, 1972) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Remaneicaris tridactyla Corgosinho et al., 2007 [Brazil; rivers]
ITICOCARIS Gorgosinho et al., 2012
Iticocaris itica (Noodt, 1962) [central America, psammon]
MONODICARIS Schminke, 2009
Monodicaris cataractae (Cottarelli, 1982) [Africa, Sierra Leone; interstitial]
Monodicaris christiani (Dumont, 1981) [Africa, hyporheic]
Monodicaris larsi Schminke, 2009 [West Africa, ground waters]
Monodicaris monodi (Chappuis, 1959) [Afric, Niger; hyporheic]
HORSTKURTCARIS Karanovic & Lee, 2012
Type Species: Parastenocaris nolli Kiefer, 1938.
Other species and subspecies: Parastenocaris delamarei Chappuis, 1958; Parastenocaris mangyans
Bruno and Cottarelli, 1999; Parastenocaris nolli alpina Kiefer, 1960; Parastenocaris ursulae Schminke,
1971.
Horstkurtcaris delamarei (Chappuis, 1957) [north America, lakes interstitial]
Horstkurtcaris mangyans (Bruno & Cottarelli, 1999) [Philippines; interstitial]
Horstkurtcaris nolli nolli (Kiefer, 1938) [Germany; wells]
Horstkurtcaris nolli alpina (Kiefer, 1960) [Germany; wells]
Horstkurtcaris ursulae (Schimnke, 1971) [Canary islands; ground waters]
DUSSARTSTENOCARIS Karanovic & Cooper, 2011
Dussartstenocaris bisetosa Ranga Reddy et al, 2018 [India] **
Dussartstenocaris idioxenos Karanovic & Cooper, 2011 [Australia; ground waters]
HIMALAYACARIS Reddy et al., 2014Himalayacaris alaknanda Reddy et al., 2014 [India; rivers]
BRINCKICARIS Jakobi, 1972
Brinckicaris brincki (Enckell, 1970)
Brinckicaris irenae (Enckell, 1970)
Brinckicaris lanceolata (Enckell, 1970)
Brinckicaris noodti (Enckell, 1970)
CLUJENSICARIS Jakobi, 1972
Clujensicaris clujensis (Chappuis, 1925)
Clujensicaris dianae (Chappuis, 1955) (syn. Parastenocaris dianae Chappuis, 1955)
Clujensicaris glareola (Hertzog, 1936) (syn. Parastenocaris glareola Hertzog, 1936)
ITALICOCARIS Jakobi, 1972
Italicocaris italica (Chappuis, 1953)
Italicocaris kabyla (Chappuis, 1954) (syn. Parastenocaris kabyla Chappuis, 1954)
talicocaris kabyloides (Enckell, 1965) (syn. Parastenocaris kabyloides Enckell, 1965)
Italicocaris ruffoi (Chappuis, 1955) (= Parastenocaris ruffoi Chappuis, 1954
Subfamily FONTINALICARIDINAE Schminke, 2010 COLOMBOCARIS Gaviria et al., 2017
Colombocaris isabellae Gaviria et al., 2017 [South America]
PROSERPINICARIS Jakobi, 1972 sensu Karanovic & Lee (2012)
This genus is basically supported by a plesiomorphy and is
considered paraphyletic. Therefore, we reject this genus as it is
currently defined (Corgosinho in litt.; Corgosinho et al. 2012).
SPECIES: Proserpinicaris admete (Cottarelli, Fasano, Mura and Saporito, 1980) ; Proserpinicaris
amalasuntae (Bruno and Cottarelli, 1998); Proserpinicaris cantabrica (Chappuis, 1937) ;Proserpinicaris cruzi ;
(Noodt and Galhano, 1969); Proserpinicaris corgosinhoi Rao Totakura et al., 2014;
Proserpinicaris karanovici Rao Totakura et al., 2014; ;
Parastenocaris fontinalis meridionalis Rouch, 1990 ; Parastenocaris gorganensis Kovalchuk and Kovalchuk, 1990 ; Parastenocaris hispanica Martínez Arbizu, 1997 ; Parastenocaris ima
Cottarelli, 1989; Proserpinicaris imjin Karanovic, Cho and Lee, 2012 ; Parastenocaris kalypso Pesce, Galassi and Cottarelli, 1988 ; Parastenocaris mangini Rouch, 1992 ; Parastenocaris moravica ˇSterba, 1965 ; Parastenocaris
nicolasi Rouch, 1996 ; Parastenocaris nipponensis Chappuis, 1955 ; Parastenocaris ondali Lee and
Chang, 2009 ; Parastenocaris pannonica Török, 1935 ; Parastenocaris phyllura Kiefer, 1938 ; Proserpinicaris
wangpi Karanovic, Cho and Lee, 2012 ; Proserpinicaris young Karanovic, Cho and Lee, 2012 .
(after Karanovic & Lee, 2012)
Brasilibathynellocaris Jakobi, 1972;
Dussartstenocaris Karanovic & Cooper, 2011;
Fontinalicaris Jakobi, 1972;
Forficatocaris Jakobi, 1969;
Iticocaris Corgosinho, Martínez Arbizu & Previatelli, 2012
Murunducaris Reid, 1994
Potamocaris Dussart, 1979
Proserpinicaris Jakobi, 1972
Siolicaris Jakobi, 1972
Nipponicaris Jakobi, 1972 accepted as Proserpinicaris Jakobi, 1972
Pannonicaris Jakobi, 1972 accepted as Proserpinicaris Jakobi, 1972
Paraforficatocaris Jakobi, 1972 accepted as Brasilibathynellocaris Jakobi, 1972
Pararemaneicaris Jakobi, 1972 accepted as Brasilibathynellocaris Jakobi, 1972
Proserpinicaris young Karanovic et a., 2011 [Korea]
Proserpinicaris imj in Karanovic et a., 2011 [Korea]
Proserpinicaris wangpi Karanovic et a., 2011 [Korea]
Proserpinicaris specincola
Bruno & Cottarelli, 2020 [cave waters; south Italy] Key to the species of genus Proserpinicaris
BRASILIBATHYNELLOCARIS Jakobi, 1972
Brasilibathynellocaris panamericana (Noodt, 1962)
Brasilibathynellocaris brasilibathynellae Jakobi & Silva, 1962 [Brazil; fresh waters,dug wells]
Brasilibathynellocaris cuscatlanensis
(Noodt, 1962)
Brasilibathynellocaris paranaensis (Jakobi, 1972)
MURUNDUCARIS Reid, 1994
Murunducaris juneae Reid, 1994 [Brazil; wet campos]
Murunducaris noodti Cogosinho et al. 2008 [Peru; interstitial]
Murunducaris loyolai Cogosinho et al. 2008 [Brazil; interstitial]
Murunducaris dactyloides (Kiefer, 1967) [Brazil: fresh waters, hyporheic]
POTAMOCARIS Dussart, 1979; emend. Reid, 1991
Potamocaris bidens (Noodt, 1955) [Brazil; fresh waters, rivers interstitial]
Potamocaris bidentata (Dussart, 1981) [Argentina; hyporheic]
Potamocaris bifida Dussart, 1979 [Argentina; river interstitial]
Potamocaris cuiabaensis Reid, 1991 [Brazil; fresh waters, rivers interstitial]
Potamocaris estevesi Reid, 1991 [Brazil; fresh waters, rivers interstitial]
Potamocaris tridentata (Dussart,1981) [Argentina; hyporheic]
FORFICATOCARIS Jakobi, 1979
Forficatocaris amazonensis (Noodt, 1953) [south America; interstitial]
Forficatocaris affinis Dussart, 1983 [south America; brackish, interstitial]
Forficatocaris amazonensis (Noodt, 1953) [Brazil; interstitial]
Forficatocaris claudii Noodt, 1972 [Brazil; continental fresh waters]
Forficatocaris evelinae Noodt, 1972 [Brazil; continental fresh waters ]
Forficatocaris fittkaui Jakobi, 1972 [Brazil; continental fresh waters]
Forficatocaris forficata forficata (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, interstitial]
Forficatocaris forficata crenensis Dussart, 1984 [south America; interstitial]
Forficatocaris guarani (Noodt, 1963) [south America; lakes, interstitial]
Forficatocaris jakobii Noodt, 1972 [Brazil; continental fresh waters ]
Forficatocaris lilianae Noodt, 1972 [Brazil, continental fresh waters ]
Forficatocaris noodti Jakobi, 1969 [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Forficatocaris odeteae Moreira & Eskinazi Sant-Anna, 2019 [Brazil; hight-altitude ponds]
Forficatocaris schadeni Reid, 1982 [Brazil; fresh waters, wet campos]
Forficatocaris tetracantha (Noodt, 1963) [south America, hyporheic]
WORLD KEY TO SPECIES OF FORFICATOCARIS IN: Reid J. W. 1982. Forficatocaris schadeni, a new copepod (Harpacticoida) from central Brazil, with keys to the species of the genus. J. Crust. Biol., 2 (4): 578-587.
FONTINALICARIS Jakobi, 1972
Fontinalicaris fontinalis fontinalis (Schnitter & Chappuis, 1915)
Fontinalicaris fontinalis borea (Kiefer, 1960)
Fontinalicaris meridionalis (Rouch, 1990) (syn. Proserpinicaris meridionalis (Rouch, 1990)
Fontinalicaris phyllophora (Noodt, 1954) (syn. Italicocaris italica (Chappuis, 1953)
SIOLICARIS Jakobi, 1972
Siolicaris digitata (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic] (syn. of Siolicaris jakobi according to Gorgosinho et al., 2012)
Siolicaris jakobi(Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Siolicaris siolii (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Siolicaris sandhya (Ranga Reddy, 2001)
Parastenocaris chelifer Delachaux, 1924 and Parastenocaris xyrophora Noodt &
Galhano, 1969 are considered species inquirendae of the genus Siolicaris, pending their detailed redescription (Gorgosinho et al., 2012)
NOODTCARIS Gaviria et al., 2017
Noodtcaris columbiensis (Noodt, 1972)
Noodtcaris kubitzkii (Noodt, 1972)
Noodtcaris roettgeri (Noodt, 1972)
Noodtcaris tapajosensis (Noodt, 1963) [South America]
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