PARASTENOCARIDIDAE Chappuis, 1940PARASTENOCARIDINAE Chappuis, 1940
PARASTENOCARIS Kessler, 1913 syn. Biwaecaris Jakobi,1972; Lacustricaris Jakobi, 1972
Representatives of the genus Parastenocaris almost exclusivey occur in subterranean, interstitial habitats from all over the World. According to Dussart & Defaye (1990) the genus is widely distributed in Europe, with more than 200 species. most of them found in the Alps. European species do not appearing to cross the southern limit of the last glaciation age, indicating their poor dispersal. "The systematic status of the Parastenocarididae as a whole is still in a state of flux, and the genus Parastenocaris clearly accomodates different morphological groups, possibly representing different evolutionary lineges" [after Galassi & De Laurentiis, 2004].
Moreover, according to the same authors, the genus Parastenocaris s.str. should comprise only the species included in the "brevipes-group". Pending a complete revision of the family, all the remaining members of the genus should to be considered as Parastenocaris sensu lato (Galassi & De Laurentiis, 2004)  At present, more than 200 species and subspecies are known for the genus. Key to species of the brevipes group of the genus
Parastenocaris (Karanovic & Lee, 2012)
Parastenocaris aberrans Apostolov, 2004 [France; ground waters] ***
Parastenocaris admete Cottarelli, Fasano, Mura & Saporito, 1980 [Italy, Sardinia; hyporheic] (transferred to the genus Proserpinocaris according to Karanovic & Lee, 2012)***
Parastenocaris aedes Hertzog, 1938 [France, Germany; ground waters] **
Parastenocaris aesculapii Cottarelli & Bruno, 1996 [Dodecanese islands, Greece; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris ahaggarica Bozic, 1978 [Africa; psammon]
Parastenocaris altitudinis Cottarelli et al., 2008 [Italy, Sardinia; streams]
Parastenocaris amalasuntae Bruno & Cottarelli, 1998 [Bolsena Lake, central Italy; interstitial] (transferred to the genus Proserpinocaris according to Karanovic & Lee, 2012)
Parastenocaris amatheia Cottarelli, 1970 [Italy, Sardinia; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris amazonensis Noodt, 1963b (syn.Forficatocaris amazonensis (Noodt, 1963)
Parastenocaris andreji Brancelj, 2000 [Slovenia; interstitial]
Parastenocaris aquaeductus Chappuis, 1925 [Romania; aqueducts]
Parastenocaris arctica Borutzky, 1952 [Novaya Zemlya, lakes] **
Parastenocaris arganoi Cottarelli & Mura, 1982 [Asia, Malaysia; caves]
Parastenocaris austriaca Kiefer, 1976 [Austria; interstitial] (syn. Minutacaris austriaca (Kiefer, 1976) )
Parastenocaris balcanica Petkovski, 1959 [Makedonia; hyporheic] *
Parastenocaris banaticua Damian, 1957 [Romania; caves]
Parastenocaris bicornuta Lebreton & Dussart, 1984 [Africa, ground waters] **
Parastenocaris bidens Noodt, 1955 (=Potamocaris bidens (Noodt, 1955)
Parastenocaris bidentata Dussart, 1981 (syn. Potamocaris bidentata (Dussart, 1981)
Parastenocaris biwae Miura, 1969 [Japan; lakes] * **
Parastenocaris bohemica Sterba, 1968 [Czecho-Slovakia, ground waters] (=Fontinalicaris fontinalis fontinalis (Schnitter & Chappuis, 1915)
Parastenocaris bolbodes Kiefer, 1968 [Brazil; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris boulouensis Apostolov, 2005 [France; ground waters] **
Parastenocaris brasilibathynellae Jakobi & De layola e Silva, 1962 (=Brasilibathynellocaris brasilibathynellae (Jakobi & Loyola e Silva, 1962)
Parastenocaris brevipes Kessler, 1913 [Europe, Asia, USA; lakes, meiobenthos] ** ** [PDF2]
Parastenocaris brincki Enckell, 1970 [Sri Lanka; brackish psammon] (=Brinckicaris brincki (Enckell, 1970)**
Parastenocaris budapestiensis Török, 1935 [Hungary; aqueducts]
Parastenocaris bulgarica Apostolov, 1992 [Bulgaria; caves]
Parastenocaris caffer Chappuis, 1936 (=syn,, Kinnecaris caffer (Chappuis, 1936)
Parastenocaris calliroe Cottarelli, 1969 [Italy, Sardinia; hyporheic] *
Parastenocaris cantabrica Chappuis, 1937 [Spain; caves] (transferred to the genus Proserpinocaris according to Karanovic & Lee, 2012)
Parastenocaris carpatica N.E. & A.A. Kovalchuk, 1991 [Ukraine; interstitial]
Parastenocaris chappuisi Serbanm, 1960 [Romania; ground waters]
Parastenocaris chelifer Delachaux, 1924 [south America; mosses] ** (considered species inquirendae of the genus Siolicaris, according to Gogosinho et al. 2012)
Parastenocaris ciliata Noodt, 1965 (=Remaneicaris ciliata (Noodt, 1965)
Parastenocaris clandestina Noodt, 1963 [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic] (=Remaneicaris clandestina (Noodt, 1963)
Parastenocaris clujensis Chappuis, 1925 [Romania; aqueducts] (=Clujensicaris clujensis (Chappuis, 1925)
Parastenocaris columbiensis Noodt, 1972 [south America; hyporheic] (=Noodtcaris columbiensis (Noodt, 1972)
Parastenocaris conimbrigensis Noodt & Galhano, 1969 [Portugal: psammon?]
Parastenocaris corsica Cottarelli, Bruno & Berera, 2000 [Corsica; interstitial]
Parastenocaris crenobia Galassi, 1997 [Abruzzo, central Italy; springs] *
Parastenocaris cruzi Noodt & Galhano, 1969 [Portugal; psammon] (transferred to the genus Proserpinocaris according to Karanovic & Lee, 2012)
Parastenocaris curvicauda Apostolov, 1997 [Bulgaria; cave waters]
Parastenocaris curvispinus Enckell, 1970 [Sri Lanka, India; rivers,brackish psammon]
Parastenocaris cuscatlensis Noodt, 1961 (=Brasilibathynellocaris cuscatlanensis (Noodt, 1962)
Parastenocaris dactyloides Kefer, 1967
Parastenocaris dammermanni Menzel, 1921 [Java, mosses] **
Parastenocaris dentata Dussart, 1979 [Argentina; hyporheic] *****
Parastenocaris dentulatus Chappuis & Rouch, 1959 [France; ground waters] *
Parastenocaris dianae Chappuis, 1955 [France; ground waters]
Parastenocaris digitiphora Dussart, 1984 [New Caledonia; fresh waters]
Parastenocaris distincta Cottarelli, Bruno & Berera, 2006 [Philippines; freshwater interstitial]
Parastenocaris drepanephora Kiefer, 1967 (=Remaneicaris drepanephora (Kiefer, 1967)
Parastenocaris douellensis Apostolov, 2005 [France; ground waters] ***
Parastenocaris dubia Kiefer, 1933 [Yugoslavia; wells] *
Parastenocaris eberhardi Karanovic, 2005 [Australia; ground waters] **
Parastenocaris edakkal Rao Totakura et al., 2014 [India; interstitial] ***
Parastenocaris elegans Kiefer, 1933 [Yugoslavia, wells] *
Parastenocaris enckelli Ranga Reddy et al., 2018 [India] **
Parastenocaris entzii Török, 1935 [Hungary; aqueducts]
Parastenocaris etrusca Cottarelli, Bruno & Venanzetti, 1995 [Latium, Italy; rivermouth interstitial] ***
Parastenocaris federici Stoch, 2000 [north Italy; cave waters] **
Parastenocaris feuerborni Chappuis, 1931 [Sumatra; mosses] * **
Parastenocaris fonticola Borutzky, 1926 [URSS; wells]
Parastenocaris fontinalis fontinalis Schnitter & Chappuis, 1915 [Europe; karst, hyporheic] (=Fontinalicaris fontinalis fontinalis (Schnitter & Chappuis, 1915)
Parastenocaris fontinalis borea Kiefer, 1960 [north Europe; karst, hyporheic] ***
Parastenocaris forficata Noodt, 1963 (=Forficatocaris forficata forficata (Noodt, 1963) (synonym)
Parastenocaris forficulata Chappuis, 1952 [Madagascar; psammon] (=Kinnecaris forficulata (Chappuis, 1952)
Parastenocaris fossoris Fryer, 1955 [Africa; Malawi lake]
Parastenocaris gayatri Ranga Reddy, 2001 [India; rivers] **
Parastenocaris germanica Kiefer, 1936 [Germany; wells]
Parastenocaris gertrudae Kiefer, 1968 [north Italy, Slovenia; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris glacialis Noodt, 1954 [Europe; karst, interstitial, springs, wells] *
Parastenocaris glareola Hertzog, 1936 [France, Germany; karst waters]
Parastenocaris gorganensis Kovalchuk & Kovalchuk, 1990 (transferred to the genus Proserpinocaris according to Karanovic & Lee, 2012)
Parastenocaris gracilis Chappusi, 1954 [Madagascar; marine psammon] *
Parastenocaris grassei Soyer, 1965 [Africa, Gabon; river interstitial]
Parastenocaris guarani Noodt, 1963 (=Forficatocaris guarani (Noodt, 1963)
Parastenocaris guyanensis Defaye & Dussart, 1988 [Africa; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris gundlakamma Ranga Reddy, 2011 [India; interstitial]
Parastenocaris hecate Noodt, 1965 (syn. Remaneicaris hecate (Noodt, 1965)
Parastenocaris hinumaensis Kikuchi, 1970 [Japan; lakes, psammon] **
Parastenocaris hippuris Hertzog, 1938 [France, Germany; ground waters] * **
Parastenocaris hispanica Martinez Arbizu, 1997 [Spain; hyporheic] (transferred to the genus Proserpinocaris according to Karanovic & Lee, 2012) ***
Parastenocaris hurdi Jakobi & Loyola e Silva, 1962
Parastenocaris husmanni Chappuis, 1953 [Germany; ground waters]
Parastenocaris icoaraci Noodt, 1963 (syn. Remaneicaris icoaraci (Noodt, 1963)
Parastenocaris ima Cottarelli, 1989 [Italy, Sardinia; phreatic waters] (transferred to the genus Proserpinocaris according to Karanovic & Lee, 2012
Parastenocaris incerta Chappuis, 1931 [Sumatra; moos]
Parastenocaris inferna Schminke, 1971 [Canary islands; psammon]
Parastenocaris irenae Enckell, 1970 [Sri Lanka; hyporheic] **
Parastenocaris italica Chappuis, 1953 [Italy, Makedonia, Turkey; wells, caves] ****
Parastenocaris jane Karanovic, 2006 [Australia; bores]
Parastenocaris japonica Chappuis, 1955
Parastenocaris jeanneli Chappuis, 1924 [Yugolavia, Romania; caves]
Parastenocaris jeanninei Dumont, 1981 [Afria; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris joi Brancelj, 2018 [North Chad]
Parastenocaris jujuyensis Noodt, 1965 (syn. Remaneicaris jujuyensis (Noodt, 1965)
Parastenocaris kabyla Chappuis,1953 [north Africa, psammon]
Parastenocaris kabiloides Enckell, 1965 [Spain; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris kalypso Pesce, Galassi & Cottarelli, 1988 [Sicily, Italy; wells] (transferred to the genus Proserpinocaris according to Karanovic & Lee, 2012)
Parastenocaris karamani karamani Chappuis, 1937 [Yugoslavia, ground waters] *
Parastenocaris karamani brevicauda Damian, 1958 [Romania; ground waters] *
Parastenocaris karanovici Totakura, Ranga Reddy & Shaik, 2014 (= Proserpinicaris karanovici Totakura, Ranga Reddy & Shaik, 2014)
Parastenocaris kimberleyensis Karanovic, 2005 [Australia; ground waters] **
Parastenocaris kinumensis **
Parastenocaris kimi Dumont, 1981 [Africa, hyporheic] *
Parastenocaris koreana Karanovic & Lee, 2012 [Korea; subterranean waters] **
Parastenocaris kotumsarensis Ranga Reddy & Defaye, 2009 [India; caves]
Parastenocaris kubizkii Noodt, 1972 [south Ameica; hyporheic] (syn. Noodtcaris kubitzkii (Noodt, 1972)
Parastenocaris lacustris Chappuis, 1957 [north America, lakes interstitial]
Parastenocaris lanceolata Enckell, 1970 [Sri Lanka; interstitial] **
Parastenocaris lacustris Chappuis, 1958
Parastenocaris latisetosus Damian & Botosaneanu, 1954 [Romania; ground waters]
Parastenocaris leeuweni Menzel, 1923 [Sumatra; mosses]
Parastenocaris longicaudis Chappuis, 1931 [Sumatra; mosses] **
Parastenocaris longipoda Shen & Tai, 1973 [China; ?] **
Parastenocaris lusitanica Noodt & Galhano,1969 [Portugal: psammon?]
Parastenocaris macaco Chappuis, 1952 [Madagascar; psmmon] *
Parastenocaris mahanadi Reddy & Defaye 2007 [India; hyporheic habitat]
Parastenocaris mangini Rouch, 1992 [France; ground waters] (transferred to the genus Proserpinocaris according to Karanovic & Lee, 2012)
Parastenocaris marlieri (Chappuis, 1955) [Africa; Tanganika lake]
Parastenocaris mateusi Noodt & Galhano, 1969 [Portugal: psammon?]
Parastenocaris matopoica Wells, 1964 [Africa, Rhodesia; ?]
Parastenocaris membranacea Noodt, 1965 (syn,Remaneicaris membranacea (Noodt, 1965)
Parastenocaris meridionalis (Rouch, 1990) [France; hyporheic] (transferred to the genus Proserpinocaris according to Karanovic & Lee, 2012) ***
Parastenocaris micheli Chappuis & Rouch, 1959 [France; ?] * **
Parastenocaris minuta Chappuis, 1925 [Romania; aqueducts] *
Parastenocaris minutissima Chappuis, 1937 [Yugoslavia; ground waters] *
Parastenocaris mirabilis Kiefer, 1933 [Yugoslavia; ground waters]
Parastenocaris monodi Chappuis, 1959 [Africa; Niger; hyporheic] (=Monodicaris monodi (Chappuis, 1959)
Parastenocaris moravica Sterba, 1965 [Czecho-Slovakia: ground wters] (transferred to the genus Proserpinocaris according to Karanovic & Lee, 2012)
Parastenocaris muscicola Chappuis, 1936 (?)
Parastenocaris muvattupuzha Ranga Reddy & Defaye, 2009 [India; caves] **
Parastenocaris nana Chappuis, 1925 [Romania; aqueducts]
Parastenocaris narentina Petkovski, 1959 [Makedonia; hyporheic] *
Parastenocaris nertensis Rouch, 1990 [France; hyporheic] *
Parastenocaris nicolasi Rouch, 1996 [France; hyporheic habitat] (transferred to the genus Proserpinocaris according to Karanovic & Lee, 2012)
Parastenocaris nigerianus Chappuis, 1959 [Afria, Niger; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris nipponensis Chappuis, 1955 [Korea, Japan; ground waters] (transferred to the genus Proserpinocaris according to Karanovic & Lee, 2012)
Parastenocaris nomiae Por, 1981 [Israel; caves]
Parastenocaris noodti Enckell, 1970 [Sri Lanka; interstitial] **
Parastenocaris novaki Sterba, 1974 [Afghanistan; ?]
Parastenocaris ondali Lee & Chang, 2009 (transferred to the genus Proserpinocaris according to Karanovic & Lee, 2012)
Korea; ground waters]
Parastenocaris oshimaensis Miura, 1962 [Japan; ground waters] **
Parastenocaris palacios Noodt, 1962 [central America, psammon] (invalid name)
Parastenocaris palmerae Reid, 1991 [Virginia USA; hyporheic] [recently transferred to Remaneicaris (Cottarelli & Bruno, 2021)] **
Parastenocaris panamericana panamericana Noodt, 1962 [central, south America; psammon?] (=Brasilibathynellocaris panamericana truncata (Noodt, 1962)
Parastenocaris pannonica Török, 1935 [Europe; aqueducts] (transferred to the genus Proserpinocaris according to Karanovic & Lee, 2012) *
Parastenocaris paraensis Noodt, 1963(= Parastenocaris paraensis paraensis Noodt, 1963)
Parastenocaris paraensis bulbifera Noodt, 1963
Parastenocaris paraguayensis paraguayensis Noodt, 1963
Parastenocaris paraguayensis phylloides Noodt, 1963
Parastenocaris persephone Noodt, 1965 (invalid name)
Parastenocaris phyllophora Noodt, 1954 **
Parastenocaris phyllura Kiefer, 1938 [Europe; brackish interstitial] (transferred to the genus Proserpinocaris according to Karanovic & Lee, 2012)
Parastenocaris pluto Noodt, 1965 (unaccepted)
Parastenocaris proserpina Chappuis, 1938 [Italy, Czecho-Slovakia; wells, karst waters] (transferred to the genus Proserpinocaris according to Karanovic & Lee, 2012)
Parastenocaris psammica Songeur, 1961 [France, interstitial] ***
Parastenocaris ranae Stoch, 2000 [north Italy; cave waters] *
Parastenocaris rascana Petkovski, 1959 [Makedonia; hyporheic] *
Parastenocaris reidae Cottarelli, Bruno & Berera, 2007 [Italy; ground waters]
Parastenocaris röttgeri Noodt, 1972 [south America; hyporheic] (unaccepted name)
Parastenocaris ruffoi Chappuis, 1954 [Italy; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris salvadorensis Noodt, 1962 [central America; psammon?]
Parastenocaris salvadorensis f. lanceolata Noodt, 1962 [central America; psammon?] (=Brasilibathynellocaris salvadorensis lanceolata (Noodt, 1962)
Parastenocaris sandhya Ranga Reddy, 2001 [India; rivers] (unaccepted name)
Parastenocaris santaremensis Noodt, 1963 (invalid name)
Parastenocaris sardoa Cottarelli & Torrisi, 1977 [Italy, Sardinia; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris savita Ranga Reddy, 2001 [India; rivers] **
Parastenocaris serbica Karanovic & Bobic, 1998 [East Serbia; cave waters]
Parastenocaris silvana Cottarelli, Bruno & Berera, 2000 [Corsica; interstitial] *
Parastenocaris similis similis Török, 1935 [Europe; aqueducts]
Parastenocaris similis macedonica Petkovski, 1959 [Makedonia; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris similis balcanica Petkovski, 1959 [Makedonia; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris singhalensis Enckell, 1970 [Sri Lanka; interstitial] **
Parastenocaris sontraensis Son Tran & a., 2021 [Vietnam]
Parastenocaris spinipes Wells, 1964 [Africa, Rhodesia; interstitial]
Parastenocaris spinosa Wells, 1964 [Africa, Rhodesia; interstitial]
Parastenocaris spinicauda Wells, 1964 [Africa, Rhodesia; ?]
Parastenocaris staheli Menzel, 1916 [south America, moos]
Parastenocaris stammeri stammeri Chappuis, 1937 [Europe; caves] *
Parastenocaris stammeri gallicus (Chappuis & Rouch, 1959) [Europe; caves]
Parastenocaris starretti Pennak, 1939 [north America; lakes] *
Parastenocaris subterranea Damian, 1958 [Romania; ground waters]
Parastenocaris surinamensis Menzel, 1921 [south America; mosses] **
Parastenocaris sutlej Ranga Reddy, 2011 [India; interstitial]
Parastenocaris tapajosensis Noodt, 1963 [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic] (unaccepted name)
Parastenocaris tenuis Borutzky, 1948 [URSS; caves]
Parastenocaris tetracantha Noodt, 1963
Parastenocaris texana Whitman, 1984 [Texas, USA; interstitial] **
Parastenocaris töeröekae Ponyi, 1957 [Hungary; ground waters]
Parastenocaris trichelata Reid, 1995 [Virginia, USA; meiobenthos] (species inquirenda, according to Cottarelli & Bruno 2021 * [PDF2]
Parastenocaris tridentata Dussart, 1981 (unaccepted name)
Parastenocaris triphyda Cottarelli & Bruno, 1993 [Sardinia, Italy; cave interstitial] *
Parastenocaris trisetosa Chappuis, 1954 [Madagascar, psammon] *
Parastenocaris tumida Kiefer, 1961 [Europe; psammon] *
Parastenocaris tyrrhenidis Cottarelli, 1970 [Italy, Sardinia; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris uncinatus Damian & Botosaneanu, 1954 [Romania; ground waters]
Parastenocaris ursulae Schimnke, 1971 [Canary islands; ground waters] (unaccepted name)
Parastenocaris vandeli Rouch, 1988 [Ariege, France; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris variolata Chappuis, 1952 [Madagascar; psammon] (unaccepted name)
Parastenocaris vicesima vicesima Klie, 1935 [Europe; brackish interstitial] *
Parastenocaris vicesima dalmatina Petkovski, 1959 [Yugoslavia, hyporheic] *
Parastenocaris vugiaensis Son Tran & a., 2021 [Vietnam]
Parastenocaris wilsoni Borutzky, 1952 [north America; lakes, meiobenthos] (unaccepted name)
Parastenocaris xyrophora Noodt & Galhano, 1969 [Portugal: psammon?] (considered species inquirendae of the genus Siolicaris, according to Gogosinho et al. 2012)
* minuta-group
** brevipes-group according to Karanovic & Lee (2012)
*** hera-group (Berrera & Cottarelli, 2003)
* syn. of P. brevipes Kessler, 1913 (Reid, 1994).
** questionable species or incertae sedis
*** for these species/subspecies Martinez Arbizu (1997) suggested a "fontinalis-group" [subfamily Fontinalicaridinae, as advanced by Schminke (1993)]
**** syn. Parastenocaris phyllura Noodt, 1955
***** synonymized with Potamocaris bifida (Reid, 1991)
Cladogram and distribution of the species belonging to the "fontinalis-group": P.hispanica; 2. P. meridionalis; 3. P. psammica; 4. P. fontinalis fontinalis; 5. P. fontinalis borea; 6. P. aberrans; 7. P. douellensis (after Martinez Arbizu, 1997 modif.)
INCERTAE SEDIS
Parastenocaris insularis Miura, 1962 (1964?)
Parastenocaris crassicaudis Chappuis, 1955 [Africa; Tanganika, lake]
Parastenocaris pauliani Chappuis, 1952 [Madagascar; psammon]
Parastenocaris pusillus Chappuis, 1954 [Madagascar; psammon]
Revision of the genus Parastenocaris in: Galassi & De Laurentiis (2004)
Relevant Literature
Phylogenetic relationships within the "fontinalis-group"
Key to Bulgarian Species
Review of African Parastenocaris
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